Government net lending/borrowing in Poland

International Monetary Fund · Annual · Importance

IMF forecast (WEO): 2026: -7.2% 2027: -7.0% 2028: -6.9% 2029: -6.5% 2030: -6.1% 2031: -5.7%

-2.3 (1999) ANUAL · % of GDP · Annual · CSV

Period	% of GDP
Jan 1999	-2.3
Jan 1998	-4.2
Jan 1997	-4.6
Jan 1996	-4.8
Jan 1995	-4.4

About this indicator

Source

International Monetary Fund

Frequency

Annual

Release

Published annually (with quarterly advance estimates in some economies), subject to revision with the national accounts.

What it is

Measures the balance of Poland's general government accounts: a deficit occurs when spending exceeds revenue, a surplus when the reverse holds. Published by Statistics Poland (GUS) as a percentage of GDP.

How it's calculated

Calculated as general government net lending or borrowing under ESA 2010, validated by Eurostat, and expressed relative to GDP. It is the reference figure for the Maastricht 3% deficit ceiling.

Market implications

Poland's deficit drives its debt issuance and its standing under EU fiscal rules; sharply higher defence spending has widened it and placed the country under the excessive deficit procedure. A deterioration pressures the zloty, bonds and ratings.

Limitations

It is a low-frequency series prone to revision. Some spending (off-budget and defence funds) has sat outside the central budget, so the national-accounts balance can differ from the budgetary one, and the primary and cyclical components are worth isolating.